Karwan Fatah-Black and Ramona Negrón

Across history, communities have managed to overcome hardship and marginalization, but scholars often take an outside view of such developments. Post-slavery and emancipation studies deal with issues on the disciplinary boundaries of social science, economics, and history. The growing number of digitized collections of serial archival material enables a cross-pollination between statistical analysis of economic development and the stories of colonial lifeways. This allows us to come very close to actual processes of emancipation, and trace developments over generations. Digital research methods are greatly opening up the ability to uncover subaltern lives and strategies and how marginalized people found ways to freedom and emancipation. Using the abundance of data available for Suriname we wish to do a proof of concept for reconstructing emancipatory networks and explore their spatial dimension.

In this study we use landownership as a proxy for emancipation. Landownership is both predicated on access to capital and access to institutions that protect property rights. Data on landownership is widely available in the colonial archive. By using serial data on manumission, land ownership, and family ties in the city of Paramaribo we will reconstruct the ties that formed the social networks that enabled intergenerational emancipation and map the urban communities of freedmen.

Nivja de Jong

Dynamic measures of speaking

In second language (L2) acquisition research, measures of linguistic aspects of speaking performances are used to track L2 development. As L2 learners progress in their development from beginner to advanced speaker, they will use more diverse language in terms of vocabulary and syntactic patterns, and do so more fluently, in terms of speech rate and pausing. In L2 research as well as L2 assessment, currently, these linguistic aspects are measured statically. For instance, speech rate of a performance is calculated on the basis of total number of syllables and total time in a speaking performance. However, speaking is a dynamic process in which speakers constantly go through several stages of speaking. For research on L2 development and assessment, this means that a lot of information is lost by only considering static measures without the information on the changes of these aspects throughout a task.

In this project we have developed a convenient procedure for researchers to measure dynamicity of aspects in (L2) speech. The procedure is as follows: after verbatim transcription of a speaking performance, the researchers aligns this transcript to the speech (e.g., using Webmaus). Following, a newly-developed praat-script is run, that combines python and praat to code lexical complexity and fluency measures and outputs a table with the measures averaged over windows of for instance 5 seconds, with .2 seconds time-steps.

The figure below shows how for two L2 English participants, in two different speaking tasks, three (scaled) measures (y-axis, in SD’s) fluctuate differently through time (x-axis, in seconds), measured in windows of 5 seconds, with .2 seconds timesteps (red: syllables; black: filled pauses; blue: corpus word frequency).

Anne-Isabelle Richard

European institutions (Council of Europe, European Community of Coal and Steel) were being created from the late 1940s onwards. This was an endeavour initiated by civil society actors united in the European Movement, as much as it was driven by state actors. These actors were acutely aware that the newly established European institutions needed to be staffed and that if the European venture were to succeed, an elite needed to be trained. For this purpose, the College of Europe in Bruges and the Centre Européen Universitaire in Nancy were founded in 1949 and 1950, respectively. 

In the years since their founding, these institutions have attracted students from across Europe, including from behind the Iron Curtain, as well as the United States and the (former) colonies. Many alumni went on to positions in the European institutions. However, they also went on to positions of influence, if not power, in national spheres as well as academia and business. 

To understand the influence of the ‘European’ education they received this project will perform a historical social network analysis on the alumni from both institutions in the years up to 1970. This project is a first step toward a larger project analysing the formation of elites, at the intersection of the Global North and the Global South. Besides analysing the social networks of the students at these European universities, the aim of the project is to develop a protocol that is well suited for this kind of study based on material that 
-    addresses actors from both the Global North and South 
-    is mostly in the public domain (archives, secondary sources, internet)
The software I will use is Gephi. This is a free, open source, frequently used software for historical social network analysis. 

Jenneke Van der Wal and Paz Gonzalez Gonzalez

In this proof-of-concept project, we employed Virtual Reality (VR) technology for linguistic data collection.

Gathering linguistic data on various languages is essential for linguistic research. For both theoretical and applied linguists it is important to get the right data to test hypotheses. In order to achieve this, the speakers of the language under study must judge and produce utterances in the right context. For example, speakers of Spanish have to choose between ‘caminé’ (I walked), ‘caminaba’ (I was walking/would walk), and ‘he caminado’ (I have walked). If we want to know how speakers of Argentinian vs Castillian Spanish choose between these verb forms, we need to tease apart the relevant contextual and linguistic factors. Traditional verbal and picture stimuli on paper are quite restricted: we can never fully control what the speaker may be imagining in addition to the given stimulus. We can get much closer to a full and natural context if we present speakers with a 360° vivid environment; one in which the linguistic factors to be studied are carefully controlled. This is now possible thanks to VR technology.

We piloted the technology by creating  360° virtual environments in 4 videos, and tested these with speakers of Spanish to study linguistic Aspect, and with speakers of Xitsonga/Xichangana to study Focus and Evidentiality. The participants indicated that ‘It was as if I was there’ and commented ‘I loved the experience, it is fascinating the idea that you more or less enter their space’. While we have no comparison yet between 3D and 2D stimuli, the first results are very promising.

See also the blogpost Irina Morozova wrote about our project!

VR team: Jenneke van der Wal, Paz González, Claudia Berruti, Victor van Doorn, Irina Morozova, Jai von Raesfeld Meyer, Thomas Vorisek

Susana Valdez and Ana Guerberof-Arenas

The importance of equal access to health information ranks high in the UN's key global issues. When patients cannot find the information in a language they can understand, they often turn to online machine translation (MT), such as Google Translate or DeepL.

The technology is easily accessible, apparently simple to use, and (mostly) free. However, users might not be aware of the pitfalls of using this technology. For instance, when using this automated translation to understand doctors’ advice on how to take a particular medicine, a user might be misled into believing a higher level of accuracy, which poses potential high risks to their health. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, the impact of MT and the implementation of MT literacy have come even more to the fore. MT was considered a vital resource for a rapid-response infrastructure allowing fast dissemination of information into a high number of languages.

MT literacy in healthcare contexts is hence essential. This comprehends acquiring knowledge of how MT works, understanding how to use it safely and ethically, and how to interpret the output accurately.

Aim of the project
Our research focuses on understanding how migrant communities living in the Netherlands use MT in health contexts. In this project, this will be done by collecting data through questionnaires and vignettes on when, how and why, and with what challenges MT is used by non-Dutch speakers. This is expected to serve as a proof of concept to build training material for this community.
(Begin updated text 12 Jan 2023)

With and for migrant communities
This project actively involves members of these communities in the research process. Grounded in a participatory worldview, we seek to engage and empower migrant communities throughout this project. We will not be conducting research on the target communities but with and for them. Ultimately, our project aims to have an effective and meaningful impact on communities through empowerment and personal and social growth. Furthermore, our research project will hopefully represent a stepping stone to a larger project that will focus on creating practical knowledge that supports an informed and critical use of digital resources, thus improving the overall well-being and integration of the target communities in the Netherlands.

Preliminary findings
A preliminary analysis of the questionnaire provides new insights about the use of MT in health contexts. Some non-native speakers of Dutch use MT in health-related contexts, especially in situations that do not require face-to-face interaction. For instance, most participants use MT to understand a letter sent by a doctor or the RIVM by scanning the document with the camera phone or typing directly in the mobile app. In face-to-face situations – for instance, in medical appointments or emergency rooms – MT is not the most common strategy. For those that do use MT in face-to-face interactions, besides typing directly on the phone app, another common strategy is to use MT when preparing what to say beforehand.

The main identified challenges when using MT in health-related contexts include:

 ● perception of incorrect or inaccurate translations
 ● not trusting MT
 ● not understanding the translation even when MT seems good enough
 ● considering it a time-consuming process not ideal for face-to-face interactions
 ● feeling insecure or vulnerable in these situations

The vignette-based interviews allowed us to collect qualitative data that wouldn’t be possible otherwise. The vignette method is commonly used in social sciences, but, unfortunately, has attracted very little attention from Translation and Interpreting scholars. We wanted to use this opportunity also to explore this method and apply it to this study.  The vignette technique makes use of a short fictional scenario or short story with the intent of eliciting perceptions, opinions and beliefs to typical scenarios with the aim of clarifying participants’ decision-making processes and allowing for the exploration of actions in context.

First stage of the short story of the vignette-based interview
The preliminary analysis of the interview data showed that the fictional scenario we designed was highly relatable for most interviewees. They identified themselves with the main character, a non-Dutch speaker that had moved to the Netherlands amid the pandemic and had a rudimentary knowledge of Dutch. Throughout the short story we presented, participants recommended two main strategies to deal with medical information: to use MT and to ask neighbours or family to translate the information. Most interviewees welcomed the opportunity to share their views on using MT in health contexts. They reflected on the relationship between trust and decision-making in health contexts: Should I trust the MT output? What are the possible consequences of making health-related decisions based on MT? Am I at risk of significant harm? What happens with my data? Some discussed the dependence on this type of technology in terms of vulnerability. The interviews also showed that some participants struggle with MT and, therefore, there is a need to train migrants on how to use MT. For instance, some interviewees reported not being familiar with some tool features, while others had questions about data privacy. (End updated text 12 Jan 2023)

Susanna de Beer

Rome may or may not be dead, long live Rome! While Renaissance humanist poets battled over what, exactly, ancient Rome meant, and whether or not she had even survived the ages at all: they could at least agree that Rome did offer a legacy that was fruitful to all of them. Serving their widely diverging political, religious, and personal interests, humanist poets used ancient Rome as a metaphorical excavation site from which all kinds of competing images could be extracted in pursuance of prestige, political legitimization, and identity formation. Be it Aurelio Brandolini in Italy, Joachim Du Bellay in France, or Conrad Celtis in Germany: they all appealed to an idea of Rome that suited their respective purposes. In my monograph The Renaissance Battle for Rome I identify and analyse a great variety of images of Rome as they appear in humanist poets’ texts, sketching the outlines of their overarching appropriative strategies.

To visualise the book’s analyses and to facilitate further exploration, I have created an online appendix in the form of a database, to allow for the dynamic presentation of diverse and multi-layered information networks. This project aims to turn the database into a publicly available, interactive website, with an attractive lay-out and intuitive navigation. It will make available the ancient and Renaissance text sources I have used in the book, annotated and cross-referenced to ease user engagement. Many of these texts are not currently easily found online, or, in some cases, published outside of manuscript form at all; they are offered both in their original Latin and in an English translation, to ensure accessibility to a wide public.

My earlier website De Vereeuwigde Stad is based on a similar interactive database in which ancient texts were cross-referenced, but using a relatively limited number of closely defined categories. For the present project, the connections between texts are often more elusive and subjective, ranging from literary templates (like ‘a visit to Rome’) to stereotypical images of Rome (like ‘Rome as city of decadence’). Visualizing these helps to lay bare previously unseen connections, but in order to present complex material sensibly, strategies must be advanced purposefully with user requirements in mind. It is these strategies which this project seeks to design.

Until now, images of Rome have mostly been studied in their immediate contexts and from the confined perspective of particular disciplines, fragmentizing our understanding of the interaction between Renaissance poets and the ancient material they so famously laid claim to. This project will ultimately make possible innovative multidisciplinary collaboration between scholars from different fields, by making visible analogous imagery across languages and in different media. Going forward, the nature of a database will allow for smooth expansion as will fit scholar and student purposes. I envisage this website as a pilot project to develop ‘Mapping the Renaissance Battle for Rome’ into a larger collaborative and multidisciplinary research project in the future.

Simon Kemper

The recent years saw major advancements in Handwritten Text Recognition (HTR) and the large-scale digitisation of early modern archives. One of the most fascinating developments has been the highly accurate text recognition of the over-a-million digitised Dutch East India Company (VOC) pages in the Hague and Jakarta. This project aims to explore how Named Entity (NE) processing can be applied to automatically extract person and place names from these archives. The project focuses on the so-called West Monconegoro which lay just beyond the VOC’s administration and at the fringe of the Javanese Mataram realm. Within the Dutch archives, this province is mainly discussed during several major wars occurring on the island between 1677-1682, 1704-1708, 1719-1723, 1741-1743 and 1749-1757.

The event-related nature of the references to West Monconegoro make it interesting to explore how during each of these time frames the types of entities mentioned differed. Scholars have long ignored the places of and persons from West Monconegoro as they were deemed peripheral to the VOC trade posts and the Javanese central courts alike. Their obscurity can be overcome by linking the names of villages to those of the historical regions and provinces of which they were part, and by tying the names of persons to local genealogies. In this way, the place and person entities can be successfully added to knowledge graphs (KGs) in large numbers.

The National Archives of the Netherlands has already conducted minimally supervised Named Entity Recognition (NER) based on three general tags—person, date and location—representing entity types on 4439 random pages from the archives of the VOC chamber in Zeeland (see velehanden.nl). This effort relies on a basic placename database which has mainly been compiled from records concerning the VOC ports. As such, the entity linking largely ignores the many villages and hinterland regions which occur within the VOC archives, nor pays particular attention to Asian names. Therefore, the important foundation laid by the National Archive deserves to be delved into further through populating the KGs with vernacular entities and using probabilistic indexing to tag such entities in larger numbers.

This project will add hundreds of entity pages on rural villages and regencies from West Monconegoro to Wikidata and the World Historical Gazetteer (WHG) to create a semantic web of linked data which will offer guidance to a BERT-based pre-training and fine-tuning. Furthermore, it will improve the retrieval of entities by linking Wikidata and WHG to the Atlas of Mutual Heritage. In its turn, this digital atlas of VOC maps and itineraries will display all references to placenames via canonical hyperlinks to the appropriate pages of the VOC archives in Jakarta and the Hague.

These links will also associate person entities with places. This last exercise will lay the bedrock for future spatial analyses connecting the places mentioned in the VOC sources with other related phenomena ranging from volcanic eruptions, deforestation, wars, markets, slavery and shipping networks. The research does, therefore, not only improve the transparency of the archives, but also helps create a foundation for follow-up geographic research of the VOC archive using more advanced Natural Language Processing (NLP) tools which also consider syntax.

Lionel Laborie

The ‘long’ eighteenth century is generally associated in the collective mind with the Enlightenment, the birth of modernity, religious tolerance, the rise of capitalism, scientific and social progress. Yet the ‘Age of Reason’ was also an Age of Faith marked by episodes of violence and replete with radical dissenters. Most of these movements faced persecution and were driven underground. They did not leave centralised archives and have been largely forgotten, as a result.
 
My project seeks to shed light on these little-known and often misunderstood groups through the case study on the notorious Camisards or “French Prophets”, a millenarian movement who sparked much controversy in the early eighteenth century. The group attracted Huguenots, Anglicans, Philadelphians, Presbyterians, Quakers, Baptists, Quietists, Roman Catholics and Jews alike. Together, they launched missions across Europe and North America in preparation for Christ’s Second Coming, and formed for decades an underground, transnational network over seven countries that lay the foundations for the Great Evangelical Awakening.
 
This small digital grant supports the publication of their biographical and prosopographical data on FactGrid, a Wikibase installation designed for historians by the Gotha Research Centre of the University of Erfurt conjointly with Wikimedia Germany. FactGrid’s visualisation tools will help us better understand who their followers were, how they communicated, financed their missions and publications. More generally, investigating the inner workings of such a well-connected movement offers insight into the production and circulation of radical beliefs and ideas against the backdrop of the Enlightenment and help paint a more complete picture of the religious landscape of the eighteenth century.

Matthew Payne and Antje Wessels

Automated scansion of poetry by computer is a long-standing goal, and a difficult task. Antje Wessels and Matthew Payne (Classics) and Luuk Nolden and Philippe Bors (Computer Science), who have developed a digital platform specifically for Classical fragments (oscc.lucdh.nl), now plan the implementation of a digital tool to automatically scan Latin poetry. They plan to utilize machine learning to bring a more sophisticated approach which plays to the strengths of artificial intelligence.

Why is the study of meter important?
The sound of a text is an essential part of its content. Similar to what we experience when we listen to different musical styles, our perception of a text depends on the rhythmical patterns in which this text is presented. Different rhythms lead to different expectations about its content, and across literatures and cultures specific rhythms have always been associated with specific genres. This was as true in the ancient world as in the modern. Just as we expect something very different from hearing the rhythms of slam poetry than those of a limerick or from those of a ballad, so an ancient audience would have instantly recognized a line of the epic writer Ennius from a speech of a slave in Plautine comedy - and the Roman writer Cicero tells us that his fellow Romans were sensitive enough to the meanings of rhythms that they could instantly sense when a writer was subverting expectations through his use of metrical patterns.

Why Latin poetry?
Latin poetry features a variety of authors and works which use a wide range of different poetic meters. Actually, rhythm was everywhere in Roman literature, even in prose it was employed as a crucial element: As masters of rhetoric such as Cicero stressed, rhythm, though it should be used subtly, is one of the qualities of good speeches. In Latin poetry different poetic meters - different arrangements of rhythmic patterns - marked out different genres, although the principles of how the sounds of poetry created rhythms remained the same. So Latin poetry provides a large amount of different material written in different poetic meters. Moreover, some of these meters featured simpler rhythms with less metrical variation, others far more complex rhythms with lots of variation. This makes them an excellent set of data for developing a complex scansion tool.

What tools from the digital humanities will you use?
Because Latin poetry contains lots of different meters, it is more important to understand the principles by which the sounds of words create the rhythms than any specific patterns that may only work for one author or work. Just like a student needs to learn to apply these principles and to get a feeling for the relationship between these principles and how they work in practice in texts, so too for automatic scansion to succeed, the machine needs to be able to translate between these fundamental principles and specific metrical patterns as they are found in different authors and genres. This is why we will utilize approaches from machine learning, rather than trying to create a model that follows rules which only work for one kind of metrical pattern. Our current plan is to create a model which can train itself using techniques such as Markov chains and SVM, in order that it be able to handle metrical ambiguities and exceptions. In this way the model should even be able to handle a completely new kind of meter.

How will you go about this?
Just like we teach a student first how to scan more straightforward metrical lines like the dactylic hexameter before going on to rather complex metrical forms such as found in the odes of Horace or in the polymetrical cantica of Plautus, we are going to train our machine on the corpora of Virgil (written in dactylic hexameter), then introduce a different meter, iambic trimeter, found in the tragedies of Seneca, before finally training the model on the more complex metrical forms of Plautus.

What are some interesting applications?
Not all Latin poetry survives to us as complete texts - many lines come to us in the form of fragments, because we find them as quotations in prose texts. Fragments are typically preserved in incomplete metrical units, such as half-lines. They are also more vulnerable to textual corruption, because they were quite likely to be misunderstood or confused with the prose text they were quoted within. One exciting possibility is that the model will help us to better identify the metrical pattern of a corrupt line.

Even more exciting is the possibility of using the model to detect new fragments. There are many prose texts which scholars believe may embed verse lines, but it is difficult and time-consuming for an individual to look through all of them. Applying the model to these texts could flag passages which seem to embed such lines.

What relevance does this have beyond Latin poetry?
A model trained to successfully recognize and extrapolate rhythmic information from texts written in Latin could likely be adapted to work in any language. The adaptation might involve changing the model from analyzing quantity (as in Latin) to analyzing stress (as, for instance, in most Dutch or English poetry), but, while a rules-based approach would require starting from scratch, the machine learning approach could accommodate this.

Who will benefit from this project?
Any student of Latin poetry, at whatever level, who is trying to get a better understanding of metre and its relevance to the content of poetry will gain from applying the model to the texts they are learning about. Rather than seeing scansion as a mechanistic process of applying rules, by experimenting with the scansion tool they will hopefully gain greater insight into the possibilities and complexities of different metres.

As we said at the beginning, the sound of a text is an essential part of its content. By applying machine learning techniques to this problem of metre through the large and multi-faceted body of data provided by Latin poetry we aim to test their usefulness and extensibility. And we hope that any researchers in the humanities who are working on topics where sound is connected with meaning will benefit from our exploration of developing a model through machine learning.

“Man is the measure of things.”
“Of gods I cannot say if they exist or not.” 
“I’ll teach you good council and citizenship.”

The 5th-century BC Greek intellectual Protagoras has had a profound impact on the Western philosophical canon. Thinkers ranging from Plato and Sextus Empiricus to John Dewey, Marsilio Ficino, Karl Popper and Leo Strauss felt challenged by his radical ideas and engaged with them. The paradox is that all his works are lost to us: whatever the extent of his original written work may have been, they have already been lost shortly after Protagoras’ death. What we are left with are literary and philosophical representations of the person Protagoras, his thought and his (alleged) works.

“Editing Protagoras” is part of an international research project (Protagoras: Sources, Echoes and Interactions) that prepares a dynamic digital edition with commentary and translation of sources of the ancient Greek philosopher Protagoras (5th century BC). Traditional editions of ‘Protagoras’ have focused on ‘fragments’, i.e. on reconstructing an ‘original’ text segment notionally underlying the ‘distorted’ versions ‘quoted’ by later authors. Recent scholarship establishes that this is not a feasible strategy: all we have are reflections and refractions of Protagorean ideas in later sources, sources that are subject to mechanisms of polemics, intertextuality and other forms of text reuse that imply a more active interaction of “cover text” and “target text”. The best way to present such a network of receptions, interpretations and appropriations is by way of a dynamic digital edition. 

The overarching project aims to provide an innovative type of source edition that does justice to:

• the nature of an “indirect tradition corpus”, accounting for mechanisms of intertextuality, text reuse, polemics and hermeneutics; instead of postulating problematic categories such as “fragments” and “testimonies”, it visualizes relations between “cover text” and “target text”, analyzing relations between citing authors and quoted texts;
• mechanisms of information management in antiquity: instead of the problematic classical philological Apparatus Fontium (a technical and underanalyzed statement of relations between texts), it will show different kinds of relations (verbal, thematic, chronological) between texts;
• the provisional and reconstructed nature of our sources and our interpretations of them: digital editions ought to show not only research results but also how these results are constructed; they need to make controversies, ambiguities and provisionalities visible.

Such an edition requires a complex database. The aim of the current project, “Editing Protagoras”, is to develop an editor (Alexander) tailormade for such a data architecture, that enables collaborators from all over the world to contribute to this edition project, in a way that is:

1. user-friendly (due to its intuitive UI),
2. communicative and efficient (workflow-management),
3. controlled and transparent (built-in systems of version control, peer review and workflow-hierarchy). 

Thus, Alexander, combining the advantages of crowdsourcing and integration of teaching and research, facilitates international collaboration between scholars from Leiden and all over the world, and allows students to participate in this collaboration, making sure that scholarly standards are met. 

The LUCDH Small Grant will enable me and student assistant Mees Gelein to develop earlier prototypes of Alexander into a fully operational editor geared to the complex data architecture of the edition project. Once Alexander is in a workable state, it will be possible to aggregate the database content that has been prepared over the past few years by scholars from all over the world. Moreover, the editor itself, tailormade for the construction of complex databases, may have innovative potential as well in setting a new standard for collaborative digital editing projects. 

This project concerns the use of dynamic, visual modelling tools for the understanding of the art historical canon. There is a long tradition of visually representing the canon, in schematic overviews and diagrams. This is indicative of the desire for scientific, ‘objective’ knowledge of the kind produced in the natural sciences. These diagrams will, however, always retain an element of subjectivity and the modelling methods influence our understanding of the represented information. In recent years (visual) modelling techniques for art historical data have been extended to include digital, computational tools, alongside the hand drawn, static diagrams of textbooks. These tools significantly increase modelling strength and functionality. As such, they might be used to help amend the very problem caused by the ‘neutral’ modelling of art historical information. This project proposes to study the use of digital tools in art historical research and education, in order to draw attention to the artificial nature of the static models that art historians are presented with in textbooks and lectures. 

In order to study the use of social network analysis and ontological modelling, I will take as a starting point two case studies: the translation of simple diagrams like the one by Ferdinand Olivier (below top figure) using Visone, and the translation of the famous model by Alfred Barr (below bottom figure) using Protégé Ontology Editor. Modelling a set of data is no neutral endeavour; the decisions we take reflect assumptions we hold, either knowingly or without being aware, about the data. Furthermore, methods we choose to model the data come with their own functionalities, biases and restrictions. Taking a closer look at the properties of some of these models, rather than merely at the represented information, will therefore help us understand the mediation that takes place when we translate art historical knowledge into schematic representations. 

The main focus of the research project will be an investigation of the uses of the two modelling methods for the purpose of deconstructing the art historical canon. This will take into account feminist critiques of the canon, as for instance discussed by Griselda Pollock (in Differencing the canon, 1999) and Cynthia Freeland (in Art theory, 2003). In addition to this, the project contains an educational component, aimed at introducing methods from digital humanities in the curriculum of the BA Art History (and in particular the track Arts, Media and Society), in order to make both students and colleagues aware of current developments and research possibilities. This will take the form of a workshop, in which the problematic nature of representations of the canon will be discussed and the two methods will be introduced through hands-on tutorials. A trial version of this tutorial has been successfully organized last year and I would like to be able to expand upon that first attempt in years to come. In creating more awareness of the potential of digital humanities for the field of Art History, I hope to be able to set up collaborations with colleagues in my program in this direction.

This combined project focuses on the use of 3D modeling techniques for the documentation and analysis of archaeological excavations. This study will focus on the digital reconstruction of contexts from Chlorakas-Palloures, a Chalcolithic settlement in Cyprus (ca. 3000-2400 BC), currently excavated by Leiden University:  www.palloures.eu.

The first portion of this investigation deals with developing a workflow of capturing 3D spatial data during excavation, and addresses the methodological challenges of volumetric modeling of archaeological stratigraphy using open source and cost-effective methodologies. The goal is to generate a 3D record of all features uncovered during excavation, which can be used to allow users to zoom in and pan around the model to better understand patterns within the site stratigraphy.

The second part focuses on one specific context, a building with a large concentration of big storage vessels within multiple layers.  A parallel of this context is the Pithos House, from Kissonerga-Mosphilia, which contained large vessels and other artefacts. The dense concentration of certain artefacts has been associated with the redistribution of surplus of agricultural products, and social differentiations. Photogrammetry and 3D GIS will be applied on each layer during the excavation to create 3D models of the layers and the individual pottery sherds, in order to reconstruct the vessels and how they were situated within the building. This part of the project aims to develop a workflow which will enable and facilitate the excavation of in-situ artefacts, as well as the understanding of the relations within their context.

Ultimately, this project will yield a better understanding of archaeological contexts and will allow for an immersive experience of on-going interpretations. Additionally, this study aims to make it possible to publish archaeological excavation data as interactive 3D models to encourage inter-disciplinary cooperation and make cultural heritage data more widely available to the public.

This project aims to create a safe, secure, GDPR-compliant, and user-friendly online participant database, necessary for the recruitment of infant research participants. This project has the potential to have a high impact on infant research.

Linguistic fieldworkers collect and archive metadata but often work in resource-constrained environments that prevent them from using computers to enter data directly. In such situations, linguists must complete time-consuming and error-prone digitization tasks that limit the quantity and quality of their research outputs. This project aims to develop a method for entering linguistic metadata into mobile devices using the Open Data Kit (ODK) platform, a suite of tools designed for mobile data entry, together with the IMDI linguistic metadata standards developed by the Max Planck Institute (MPI). 

Open Data Kit is a free and open-source software platform for collecting and managing data in resource-constrained environments, and it includes three primary applications: ODK Build, a web application for creating custom forms for data entry based on the XForm standard, ODK Aggregate, a Java server application to store, analyze, and export form data, and ODK Collect, an Android application that allows for the entry of data directly into mobile devices. With all three of these components working together, teams of researchers can collect data quickly and simultaneously in remote areas, and all of their data can be compiled together on a single server. 

A second goal of the project is to implement the ODK method in the field and to critically analyze its impact on the process and output of linguistic fieldwork. The method will be implemented in two projects which are funded by the Endangered Languages Documentation Programme (ELDP) and include five two-person teams of local researchers from the Hadza and Ihanzu speech communities of Tanzania in East Africa. The scale of the two coordinated documentation projects and the remote fieldwork conditions of northern Tanzania together make for a unique opportunity to put the ODK metadata method to the test. Each team of local researchers will be given an Android device with ODK Collect installed and they will receive training on how to use the software to enter metadata. After collecting data for a period of at least two months, researchers will then be interviewed about their experience using the ODK linguistic metadata method, and a report analyzing the impact of the method on the fieldwork process and its implications for research reproducibility and archiving will be submitted for publication.
 

Visiting Hours 2

My theoretical and artistic research examines how, in site-situated events, intertwining concepts of territoriality, hospitality, and choreography produce new practices and embodied ways of knowing.

Both the terms territoriality and choreography are critical concepts and practices that explore navigation and inventions of space and time, question state space and social relations, and privilege concerns for perception and inhabitation of a site. Aspects that are explored include the study of Western spatial discourses, boundaries and enclosures, ownership, authorship, and an interrogation of the Western conception of sovereign identity. Choreographic study focuses on the history of sense perception in the West, somatic research, and how processes of corporeal attention may be crafted. 

The exhibition integrates a digital new media technique to explore territoriality and choreography.

The open source technology OBS (Open Broadcaster Software) is an open source, online platform that allows for direct streaming/mixing of actual live green-screen space and new media materials (images or videos). As such, the platform provides an invaluable technique for live performance and exhibition events to include archival or contemporary images, to « enter into them », to consider images as sites for interacting.

This project aims at making visible the geography of criminality in 19th century Amsterdam, Bologna and Le Havre, by using the mapping software Mapline. The project is built around the concept of 'spaces of awareness': this concept was developed by criminologists to make sense of the spatial patterns seen in contemporary criminality. According to criminologists, offenders are more likely to offend in a place that they know ('are aware of'). This can be where they live, where they work, where they go out or where they do their shopping. To what extent can this concept be applied to 19th-century criminality? Do we see similar patterns, similar spaces of awareness? And was there a gender difference in where male and female offenders committed their crime? This project aims at answering these questions by mapping the address of the suspects and the place where they committed a crime. In addition, these maps will also contain qualitative information on the crime committed, the gender of the suspect, their civil status, etc. 

This project will also bring to the fore the importance of socio-economic and cultural contexts in explaining the spatial patterns seen in the archives. 'Spaces of awareness' is a concept which has been difficult to apply to historical studies as the data very rarely contained both the home address of the suspect and the place where the crime occurred, and it still needs to be gendered. In addition to offering a visual of spaces of awareness in these 19th-century cities, this project also makes possible a comparison between men and women’s mobility in the urban environment. For instance, the historiography still tends to see Dutch women as being less mobile than men towards the end of the 19th-century; however, a 'pilot-map' created from the 1905 Amsterdam dataset, shows that male and female suspects were committing thefts at a similar distance from their home. A thorough analysis of their movements in relation to crime, all along the century, will therefore show if their mobility was indeed affected by stricter gender norms ascribed by Victorian values. 

The early medieval English poem Beowulf presents a complex world inhabited by a multitude of characters who are involved in feuds, alliances and kinship relations. In many ways, the poem focuses on social interactions: kings bind loyal followers to their cause through gift-giving, feuds are solved through political marriages and the killing of kinsmen is repaid through revenge killings. A pilot survey that lies at the basis of the current project has established that Beowulf features more than 76 characters and that there are more than 300 links between these characters, ranging from marriage to physical violence. This project aims to use digital social network analysis tools to study and visualize these social connections and interactions presented in Beowulf, in order to better understand the complex social world presented in this early medieval epic. 

This project will experiment with a number of social network analysis tools to visualize and analyze the full range of explicit and implicit links between the characters in Beowulf. In doing so, this project will be able to answer such questions as:

• Who are the most well-connected characters within the poem?
• What roles did female characters play within the social world of Beowulf?
• How do the social networks within Beowulf alter throughout the poem?
• What role does nationality play in the social networks in the poem? (Beowulf features Danes, Frisians, Geats, Swedes, Heathobards and Angles, to name but a few)?
• How does incorporating implicit links between characters, known from other legends, change the structure of the social world presented in Beowulf?

As Baur et al. have noted, “[i]mages of social networks have provided investigators with new insights about network structure and have helped them communicate those insights to others”. Part of this project will, therefore, experiment with social network visualization tools, so as to produce images that may be used for research, teaching and outreach.

Since 2014, Leiden University has become the leading online reference hub for Manchu studies. For researchers we have developed:

1. Online critical editions and a concordance (Manc.hu);
2. An online Manchu lexicon application (Buleku.org);
3. An online infrastructure to analyse and compare Manchu maps (QingMaps.org).

This LUCDH grant enables us to take the next step in connecting Manchu data for researchers in Leiden and beyond.

Surrounding the fall of the Daiqing empire in 1912 (but also earlier), European and US institutes and individuals laid their hands on vast collections of Manchu sources. Hence, in many museum and library collections outside China and Taiwan, one can find important Manchu texts. However, collections of texts became separated from each other. One crucial edition of the Manchu rendition of the Mongol Yuan History, for example, is separated, with some volumes in Leiden, many in Berlin, and some draft versions in London. This project intends to reunite editions such as the Mongol Yuan History in a visual, geo-oriented manner, with an understanding of connecting the data in a clear and durable way, adhering to current developments of Persistent Identifiers and Linked Open Data.

The challenge is to present the data in a way that users can easily see where different parts of works are being stored, and how they connect to other editions of the same work. In addition, we want to take on the challenge to connect library collections and museum collections with each other. Until now, all the written Manchu sources in museums (books, rubbings, coins, seals, maps, etc.) have been neglected in the descriptions of Manchu sources. This application intends to meet this challenge.

This project is part of the International Manchu Project (summer 2019-present) an initiative by SOAS (University of London) and Manc.hu (Leiden University/Manchu Foundation). The goal of this project is to digitise and map all Manchu collections outside China and Taiwan. Although large portions have already been digitised, still a lot of work has to be done. Recently, Leiden University Libraries has started the digitisation of its own Manchu collection. Combining this LUCDH grant with funding from SOAS, we aim to present a first iteration of the Manchu collections map, that may be used as a framework for other collections in Leiden as well.

This project aims to be a first step towards redefining the concept of "realism" in the panorama of Italian literature of the first half of the Twentieth Century (1900-1950) based on the study of a very peculiar genre, the "Elzeviro". This is a hybrid literary segment that can be compared with  journalistic essays on the one hand, and with literary short stories on the other. These segments were mainly published in newspapers as editorials of the cultural page and have, therefore, have been under-studied by literary scholars. For these reasons one can speak of a neglected genre, or also “cinderella-genre”. (Ansary & Esmat Babaii 2005).

More specifically, work will be carried out on one particular case study : a corpus of 154 elzeviri by Italian writer Grazia Deledda (first female Nobel Prize winner for Literature in Italy) published between 1910 and 1936. The aim is to map the number of literary segments that Deledda wrote for the Corriere della Sera and to analyze them for a number of prototypical features of both verismo and modernismo, starting from the use of time and space:  from a naturalistic setting that underlines the couleur locale in a "positivistic" way, to a more modern interpretation of the city where the protagonist finds impulses for introspection.

This project aims to:

• Get a better understanding of this hard-to-grasp literary genre (elzeviro) and aesthetic category (realism).
• Valorize and unveil the unexplored corpus of one of Italy's greatest writers and do justice to its complexity. The "label" of veristic writer which seems too narrow, will be questioned and challenged.

In the seventeenth century, the most popular plays in the Netherlands were not those written by Joost van den Vondel, but the translations of plays written by the Spanish playwrights Lope de Vega and Calderón. The Spanish plays often relate the stories of star-crossed lovers who have to fight their parents, other suitors, or society for them to be together. By contrast, Dutch plays have often been regarded to propagate moderation, rationalism, and conformism. People in the early modern period generally believed that Dutch people were cold-hearted, whereas Spanish people were hot-tempered. The same stereotypical language was used for their respective literatures. Nevertheless, Dutch people very much enjoyed Spanish plays. Why? Because Spanish plays were maybe emotionally more exciting? 

In this project, I will endeavour to corroborate this question by using text-mining tools. And what else can we find, if we start looking for emotions in these plays with the help of text-mining? I will adopt the so-called Historic Embodied Emotions Model (HEEM) as developed by the Amsterdam Centre for Cross-Disciplinary Emotion and Sensory Studies at VU University. The VU research centre has linked emotions to embodied speech (e.g. 'mijn bloed kookt van woede', meaning you are angry as a figure of speech in Dutch). Subsequently, those utterances were categorized according to four emotional concepts: emotion, body part, bodily response, and emotional action. These concepts can enlighten the focus of emotions in Spanish and Dutch drama: Which emotions are predominant in both types of drama? And which body parts play a role, when those emotions are uttered? As women in Spanish drama seem to have a more proactive role than in Dutch drama, the question will also be which character utters which emotions. 

I will compare plays of Spanish origin and canonical plays by several Dutch playwrights, including Vondel, Hooft, and Bredero. As such, it will be explored whether HEEM can be used to differentiate between different early modern theatrical genres on the basis of embodied emotions. I will look at Senecan-Scaligerian, Spanish, Vondel’s biblical, and the French-Classicist plays by Nil Volentibus Arduum. As such, HEEM will be used to see how playwrights reworked the Spanish plays in terms of their emotions to fit the Dutch context and experiences of the spectators.

One of the most important types of language change is sound change, a gradual, regular change of pronunciation that is usually unnoticed by the speakers that produce it. Historical phonologists study this type of change intensively, and try to explain how and why it happens in the way it does. It has long been known that some sound changes (e.g. [s] > [h] in between vowels; [nt] > [nd]) are very common in the world's languages, while their inverse variants ([h] > [s], [nd] > [nt]) does not seem to be attested anywhere at all. Currently, our knowledge about these directional patterns of sound change are scattered across the scientific literature. This forces scholars who want to judge the plausibility of a certain change to rely on an 'instinct', based on their experience with sound changes they happen to have seen before. 

This Digital Humanities Small Grant will be used to develop a research proposal to set up an online cross-linguistic searchable database of sound changes: CoPhon (Codex Phonica). A community-built collection of reported sound changes, this database allows us to replace historical linguists' gut feelings about plausible or implausible sound changes with quantifiable data and will allow them to find parallels for particular sound changes they need in their research. It will also help us understand how often and why particularly sound laws occur, as well as when/why they often do not take place.

Mapping the Mandate: Frank Scholten in the ‘Holy Lands’ is a pilot project that, in conjunction with the digitisation of the NINO’s Frank Scholten collection, financed by NINO and Leiden University Libraries (2020-2021), will build a user-friendly interface that geo-locates the more than 20,000 photographs in the collection.

Frank Scholten was a Dutch photographer who travelled through the Middle East from 1921-1923.  In the two years he was in the Levant, he photographed the shift from Ottoman rule to Mandate administration, primarily in British Mandate Palestine, but also Transjordan and Mandate Lebanon and Syria.

The Scholten collection is undisclosed so far. Our project will make the collection available in tandem with a digitisation project planned at UBL and co-funded by the NINO. Mapping the Mandate will make a targeted contribution to this initiative by developing a tool to study the complex communal geographies Scholten photographed and easily communicate this to a wider audience.  This information will give us specific data on the spread and transregional movement of different communities as well as contextualising the differences between urban and rural life, overlaying this with cross-confessional interactions.  In doing so, we can begin to understand the effects of British rule and the ways in which this political transition interacted with the Ottoman modernist project.

Lisa Bylinina

TBA

Alex Brandsen

In this project, we are developing an advanced search engine for Dutch archaeological excavation reports, called AGNES. Archives in the Netherlands currently contain  over 70,000 excavation reports and this number is growing by 4000 a year. This so-called ‘grey literature’ contains vast amounts of knowledge stemming from millions of euros in funding, but are barely being utilised at the moment, mainly because researchers have trouble finding the information they need. The reason for the limited access is that the documents can only be searched by their metadata; the full text is not indexed yet for keyword search. Questions like “find all cremation remains from the early Middle Ages around Amsterdam” are currently impossible to solve without reading all the documents.

A unique feature of our method is that we develop a method for semantic search in the archaeological domain. The indexing method will use machine learning to automatically recognise and distinguish between archaeological concepts in the text, such as time periods, artefacts, materials, contexts and (animal) species. This will make searching a lot easier and quicker.

To be able to do this, we need text that is labelled by humans, called training data. Labeling data is a very time intensive process, and we are very happy that the LUCDH is providing us with funds to be able to create this training data.

22 July 2020 update: The article, "Creating a Dataset for Named Entity Recognition in the Archaeology Domain", describing this work has been published at:  lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2020/pdf/2020.lrec-1.562.pdf

Lotte Fikkers

Manuscript collection WARD 16, held at The National Archives (Kew, UK), comprises 436 unopened letters and packages from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Based on the addresses on these letter bundles, in as far as these are still legible, it seems each letter contains legal pleadings (the textual by-product of legal proceedings, such as bills of complaint, answers, interrogatories, and depositions) sent to the Court of Wards and Liveries and the Court of Requests in London. It remains a mystery why these documents have never been opened. Opening up these manuscripts might solve this mystery, but has the disadvantage of being something that is irreversible: once opened, it is impossible to return the letter to its unopened state unharmed. Since the letter as artifact is worthy of attention and analysis in and of itself, opening these closed manuscripts is to be avoided. The Apocalypto team at the Dentistry Department at Queen Mary University of London has developed a technique that makes it possible to reveal the contents of a closed manuscript, without damaging or opening it. As such, the letter can be studied as artifact, while at the same time making it possible to reveal its hidden secrets.

The LUCDH’s small grant makes it possible to strike up a conversation between The National Archives, the Apocalypto team, and Leiden University, with the aim of x-raying a sample of manuscripts, and as such, making the unreadable readable.

Emma Grootveld

This research projects aims to investigate ways of representing rivers in ‘literary worlds’ of the Italian Renaissance. The aim of the project is to develop one or more samples for the digital visualization of these worlds, in which extraliterary, ‘real world’ geography is combined with fictional, imaginative geography. The project serves as a technical preparation for the Veni-proposal (to be submitted in August 2019) of a research project that aims to investigate the pivotal role of rivers in constructing cultural and literary identity in early modern Italian epic poetry. 

Jing Hu

This project aims at mapping the genealogical networks of the group of chungin (middle people) of the Chosŏn dynasty, in an attempt to examine the origin and the development progress of the chungin group in Chosŏn Korea.

In the social hierarchy of Chosŏn Korea, the chungin was a group ranked between the yangban (aristocracy) and the commoners. The social mobility of the chungin is one of the central issues in the social history of Korea. Previous scholarship reveals that the group of chungin intensively developed around the middle 17th century. Although there has been no conclusive research on the origin of the group, some scholars claim that the chungin group was branched from downgrade yangban aristocrats. However, due to the absence of a tool enabling a macroscopic investigation, scholars have only been able to test the hypothesis by case studies of partial families.

The first goal of the project is to test the hypothesis that the chungin was a group branched from the downgrade aristocrats. By extracting genealogical information from big datasets like the bangmok (Rosters of Imperial Examinations), it allows us to map genealogical networks of different social groups in Chosŏn. In order to investigate the relation between the aristocracy and the middle people, the network interconnects the lineage and marriage data of both the yangban and the chungin groups.

Additionally, the project also contributes to filling up the gap of the digital infrastructure for chungin studies, a field which has received limited attention in Korean Studies. The final outcome of the project is designed as an intractable platform of visualized genealogical networks. Users are allowed to manipulate the networks by querying with time reference, regions, families or types of relationships (lineage or marriage). In this way, the project takes the initiative to benefit studies on minority social groups in the Chosŏn dynasty by opening up a new digital avenue.

Carina van den Hoven

In November 2017, the Egyptian Ministry of Antiquities granted Carina van den Hoven (NINO/LIAS) the concession for Theban Tomb 45 in Egypt. This beautifully decorated tomb dates to ca. 1400 BCE and is situated in the Theban necropolis, a UNESCO World Heritage Site close to modern Luxor. Theban Tomb 45 is a fascinating case of tomb reuse. The tomb was built and partly decorated with painted scenes and texts around 1400 BCE for a man named Djehuty and his family. Several hundred years later, the tomb was reused by a man called Djehutyemheb and his family. Even though the practice of tomb reuse calls to mind images of usurpation, tomb robbery and destruction, Theban Tomb 45 was reused in a non-destructive manner, with consideration for the memory of the original tomb owner. Instead of vandalising an earlier tomb and whitewashing its walls in order to replace the original decoration with his own, the second tomb owner left most of the existing decoration in its original state. He added his own decoration only to wall sections that had been left undecorated by the first tomb owner. He also retouched a number of the original paintings. For example, he altered the garments, wigs and furniture depicted on the tomb walls, in order to update them to contemporary style.
(For photographs, see the project website: www.StichtingAEL.nl)

Dr. van den Hoven has obtained funding from the Gerda Henkel Stiftung for the conservation of the wall paintings as well as for heritage preservation and site management activities in Theban Tomb 45. With the grant from the Leiden University Centre for Digital Humanities, she undertakes a pilot project in order to develop a proof of concept on the digital documentation and material analysis of the painted decoration of this tomb, with a special focus on the repaintings that were carried out by the second tomb owner. 

An important aim of the fieldwork project in Theban Tomb 45 is to contribute significantly to the development of new standards for the documentation, analysis, publication and accessibility of ancient material culture. With the help of non-invasive digital imaging technologies we aim to create a scale 1:1 digital record of the tomb, which documents not only its architecture and decoration, but which also functions as a digital tool to interactively investigate the monument even after leaving the field.

Another important aim of the project is to test the usefulness of photo processing software applications and digital imaging technologies in the material analysis of ancient wall paintings. Part of the painted decoration of Theban Tomb 45 has faded over time and is now barely visible with the naked eye. In rock art studies, the software application ImageJ (and in particular its plugin DStretch) has been used successfully to enhance images of pictographs that are invisible to the naked eye. We aim to test the usefulness of photo processing software applications and digital imaging technologies in enhancing the legibility of faded wall paintings, as well as in identifying and analysing wall paintings that have been retouched or repainted in antiquity. 

The investigation of the materiality of the (re)painted tomb decoration of Theban Tomb 45 allows us to open up new research opportunities on the question how the ancient Egyptians engaged with and perceived their own cultural heritage. 

Links to websites:
www.nino-leiden.nl/staffmember/dr-c-van-den-hoven

https://leidenuni.academia.edu/CarinaVanDenHoven

https://StichtingAEL.nl/
 

Peter Kerkhof

The Leiden Williram, an eleventh-century text that is decades older than the hebban olla vogala poem and the sole substantial Old Dutch text that has come down to us in an original manuscript, has thus far only been accessible to a handful of scholars. Although the text can be consulted in the 1971 edition of Sanders or via the pdf-version of the digitized manuscript at the Leiden University library website (manuscript BPL 130), the linguistic character of the Leiden Williram and its philological context requires specialized philological expertise in order to gauge and appreciate the Dutch nature of it. This is because the Leiden Williram is a Dutch copy of a German commentary to the Song of Songs, authored by Williram von Ebersberg. The Dutch copyist, probably working in the scriptorium of Egmond, respected most of the German grapho-phonemic conventions, but adapted the language at the morphological and lex ical level to its own Dutch dialect, thereby giving the Leiden Williram a hybrid linguistic identity (cf. Sanders 1974). Because of its linguistic opaqueness, it may come as no surprise that the significance of the Leiden Williram for Dutch cultural heritage is largely unknown to a wider Dutch public.

The aim is to develop a proof of concept for a digital edition of the Leiden Williram in which the Old Dutch lexis and Old Dutch morphology of the text can be highlighted at the click of a button, thereby disclosing the value of the text to a 21st century audience and making the Old Dutch nature of the text available to non-linguistic scholars and an interested lay public alike. This innovative digital curation of the text will be executed by providing a TEI-compliant (Text Encoding Initiative) XML edition, based on the 1971 edition and the digitized manuscript. The text edition can then be published online on a dedicated website, hosted on Leiden University servers under a Creative Commons license. 

Sander Stolk

Project EASE: Working with A Thesaurus of Old English and the Digital Platform Evoke

Which lexical items were available to the early medieval author Cynewulf or to the Beowulf poet? How many words did these authors have available to them to express war, contrasted with the number available to express peace? Which words seem to have been restricted to poetry, and do such restrictions appear to have had an impact on the word choices these authors made when they wrote their texts? Which words did the Beowulf poet prefer over others that expressed the same notion? Just such questions are intended to be answered by means of the proof of concept worked on in the EASE project, which utilizes the dataset of A Thesaurus of Old English.

A Thesaurus of Old English is a lexicographic resource that organizes Old English words and word senses according to their meaning. This topical fashion to organize lexical items allows one to look up available alternative phrasings, but thesauri such as this one offer a number of uses beyond that: they are veritable treasure troves for cultural, linguistic, anthropological, and literary-critical research (as indicated by the illustrative questions in the previous paragraph). However, the current forms in which the majority of these thesauri are available make it difficult for scholars to use them to the fullest. In making A Thesaurus of Old English and other thesauri available in a more suitable form for use and reuse – bringing them to the semantic web as Linked Data – and developing a platform to work with this material, this project set out to facilitate a wide variety of research that focusses on the vocabulary and culture of current and past times.

In the EASE project, we aim to elicit what researchers (from various disciplines) want to investigate about early medieval English language and culture through A Thesaurus of Old English. The research questions and case studies that the participating researchers formulate have been used to inform development of the Evoke platform to result in a proof of concept fit for purpose, available at www.evoke.ullet.net/. This digital platform is meant to make it easier for users to access Linked Data thesauri, query them, filter them, and expand them – a platform for which one need not be a computer scientist in order to utilize. Thus, the materials and tooling created in the EASE project will allow both established researchers and students to ask powerful and evocative questions, making Digital Humanities more accessible to a larger group of people. The results of the project will be presented at a workshop that is part of the 21^st International Conference of English Historical Linguistics (ICEHL-21) in Leiden, 8 June 2020.

Liesbeth Claes

The use of numismatic sources is incorporated in Claes’s research project “Dialogues of Power”. This project aims to analyse the legitimising dialogue between Roman emperors and their Germanic legions during the so-called “crisis of the third century”. By doing so, this project will shed new light on how the loyalty of soldiers towards their emperors was established and which communication strategies emperors used to (re-)gain the political and military stability that ultimately helped to reunify the Roman Empire after the crisis.

Because imperial coinage is a direct vehicle for imperial communication, various messages, visual and verbal, could be disseminated by them. In the third century, silver coins still formed the major part of soldiers’ payments. This means that the imperial centre had an excellent tool to send messages addressing the military. For instance, messages of victories or trust in the army on these silver coins could flatter soldiers in order to win their loyalty.

The analysis of coin messages will be based on coin hoards, deposited between AD 180 and 285 in and near the military zone of the Lower Rhine limes, especially at the military camps in Germania Inferior. Although hoards often represent a random sample taken from circulation, hoard-based samples represent an untouched record from antiquity, providing information about the period in which the coins were used and deposited. Moreover, these coins from hoards give us additional information as opposed to single coin finds. The date of the youngest coins in a hoard give us a terminus post quem for the date at which coins stopped to be added to the hoard and the composition of a hoard can give us an idea about the date of the deposition of the coins, which may be different from the closing date. Most coins composing a hoard were probably withdrawn from circulation within a short space of time before the date at which the saving process ended. All in all, it can give us an idea when certain coin messages were disseminated. Additionally, hoards are found abundantly at the Empire’s northern border, and more importantly, the coins’ withdrawal from circulation was not related to the messages on them.

Rizal Shidiq

I plan to develop a proof of concept for the long-run effect of government policy on ethnic-based inequalities. My specific research question is: Does Dutch colonial redistributive policy affect ethnic-based economic inequalities in contemporary Indonesia? My proposed research shares micro-level approach with standard analysis on inequalities but differs from the existing literature in the following way. First, it takes a long-run perspective back to the Dutch colonial administration days and, if feasible, even longer in the past. Second, it explicitly estimates the causal effects of redistributive policy on between-ethnics inequalities. Third, the focus is not only on the one-time effect but also on its persistence and durability. Fourth, it will generate and use a new digitized modern-standard dataset from old administrative records, in addition to present-day socio-economic and geographic information system (GIS) data, for the analysis.

In this proposed proof of concept development stage, I ask the following simple questions: Are household-level and/or village-level colonial administrative data in the last 19^th and early 20^th centuries available and accessible? If so, is it feasible to identify and reconstruct the variables of interest using text-mining and GIS procedures?  Is it also possible to identify relevant colonial redistributive policies and their actual implementation at household or village level? In other words, this project is akin to a feasibility study to assess whether the available data permits for digital-humanities pre-processing and further statistical causal inference estimation on certain level of units of analysis (either household- or village- or sub district-level).  If there is a positive result, I plan to scale up the project for a large-scale text-mining and GIS exercises to produce high-quality datasets that can be used for my and other interested researchers’ studies on the persistent effects of colonial policies on ethnic-inequalities and other socio-economic indicators.

Nicole van Os and Deniz Tat

This project aims at the digitalization and preparation for further analysis of approximately 550 letters written between 1954-1974 by a non-Muslim, non-Turkish single woman living in Istanbul to her niece in the Netherlands. These letters, which are written in a mixture of languages including French, English, Turkish and some Greek and Italian, are of interest to scholars of two separate disciplines: social historians and linguists. They are of interest to social historians, because they provide a unique insight into the multi-lingual environment of the Istanbulites belonging to minority groups during a period of political turmoil which made the lives of members of these groups much harder. They also provide us with detailed information about the (social) life of a single woman, working as a teacher, in a period that the position of women changed.

The letters are also of interest to linguists since the frequent code-switches between typologically distinct languages have structural, psycholinguistic and sociolinguistic implications. Frequent classical, or intra-sentential switches in these letters provide us with an opportunity to understand how a multilingual speaker exploits her ability to alternate, let’s say,  between Turkish, a scrambling SOV language with no grammatical gender, and English, an SVO language with relatively strict word order, or French, a language with grammatical gender. In this respect, it is a unique opportunity to shed light on how word-order, information structure, structural and inherent case, phi features (e.g. number, person and gender) are determined in code-switching.

After the initial digitalization of the handwritten letters, we will investigate the possibility of automatic detection of socio-historically relevant items in the corpus on the one hand and the automatic detection of code-switching, on the other hand. Moreover, we plan to develop a way to detect patterns by cross-referencing these two sets of data to determine how code-switching relates to different domains of life referred to in these letters.

Nira Wickramasinghe

The National Archives in London, Kew have made available (online) the slave registers that the British colonial government mandated in Sri Lanka/Ceylon between 1818-1832. The same database exists for 16 other slave colonies of the British including Barbados, Jamaica, and Trinidad.  In the case of Sri Lanka this data has never been collected or analyzed in a systematic way owing to the large number of entries. The proposed research entails in the first instant transcribing the 828 images in the slave registers on Jaffna (www.search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=1129)  onto excel sheets and creating an easily consultable database.  With this research I hope to create a data base of over 10 000 slaves that will contain such information as the name/gender of owner, the place of residence, name of slave (slaves in Jaffna unlike slaves brought from outside the island kept their names), gender of slave, age of slave, children of slave, date of manumission, other details (death for example).

This data once collected will be a unique source to reconstruct society in Jaffna, add complexity to our understanding of the structure of the caste system, produce insights into land ownership and labour  patterns according to produce (tobacco or palmyrah etc..)  It will also allow us on occasions to trace the lives of particular individuals, slaves or proprietors in the registers that I have encountered in my other archival source material, court cases or petitions. This project will feed into my on-going book project entitled ‘Slave in a Palanquin. Slavery and Resistance in an Indian Ocean Island’.

Limin Teh

This project investigates the role of industrial infrastructure in Northeast China in shaping the events and outcome of the Chinese Civil War (1946-1950). It asks:

• How did the Chinese Nationalist Army lose the Chinese Civil War (1946-1950)?
• Did the effect of variation of industrial infrastructure on military campaign make the Chinese Nationalist Army lose the Chinese Civil War?

In Northeast China, the industrial infrastructure— transportation network, electric grid, mining and manufacturing facilities, and urban built environment—was developed under Japanese control (1931-1945). After the fall of the Japanese empire in August 1945, the regional industrial infrastructure attracted the attention of postwar powers. The Soviet Union and the United States competed with each other to take over the region from Japan. The Soviet Red Army, which won the competition, removed large portions of the industrial infrastructure as they retreated in March 1946. The violent rivalry between the Chinese Communists and the Chinese Nationalists erupted here as they sought to seize control over the region. In spite of its overwhelming advantages in troop size and firepower, the Chinese Nationalist army unexpectedly lost to the Chinese Communist in 1948.

Historians generally agree that a correlation exists between the region’s industrial infrastructure and the Chinese Civil War, but rarely agree on the degree or nature of this correlation. This project seeks to illuminate this correlation between these two variables: the damaged industrial infrastructure and the logistical needs of military campaigns. It uses GIS to map out the spatial distribution of industrial infrastructure and military campaigns, and to analyze the spatial correlation between these two variables. In doing so, it aims to obtain a nuanced picture of the material conditions shaping the unfolding of this military event.

Carmen Parafita Couto

It is well known that bi-/multilinguals in some bi-/multilingual communities combine languages in the same sentence when they communicate with one another, known as code-switching. Most researchers agree that code-switching is not a random mix of languages, but that it is rule-governed. Recent work by members of our research team using different language pairs has established that, in general, multilingual speakers choose the morphosyntactic structure (word order and grammatical morphemes, making up the ‘matrix language’) of just one of their languages and insert words or phrases from their other language(s) into the selected frame (Parafita Couto et al. 2014; Parafita Couto & Gullberg, 2017). Although this pattern has been established in different bilingual communities, to our knowledge no previous study has examined in more detail the factors which determine the choice of the matrix language.

In this pilot study, we investigate the extent to which this choice is based on speaker characteristics as compared with community norms, while holding the language pair constant. As the first stage of a larger project involving cross-community study of comparable communities in other geographical locations, we focus on two Spanish/English bilingual communities, Miami (USA) and Gibraltar (Europe). The contexts of Miami and Gibraltar provide a clear contrast both in terms of geographical location and history. Data from both locations has already been collected in the form of natural speech conversation, and the Miami data has already been transcribed and coded (www.bangortalk.org.uk/). We will transcribe and code the Gibraltar data in a similar way to the Miami data in order to facilitate comparison between the two datasets. This will enable us to identify what the code-switching patterns in the two communities have in common and how they are different.

By focussing on only Spanish/English in different communities, we will be able to show to what extent the occurrence of a particular switching strategy may be traced to the influence of syntax/grammar and extralinguistic factors (e.g. social network, attitudes, etc.).