David Henley
Professor of Contemporary Indonesia Studies
- Name
- Prof.dr. D.E.F. Henley
- Telephone
- +31 71 527 2226
- d.e.f.henley@hum.leidenuniv.nl
- ORCID iD
- 0000-0002-7618-4956
A geographer and an Indonesianist by training, I have a broad range of research interests spanning the politics, history, geography and sociology of Southeast Asia, particularly Indonesia. Within Indonesia I have a special interest the island of Sulawesi. I have published on the subjects of nationalism, regionalism, and ethnicity; on environmental, demographic and agricultural history; on sustainability and natural resource management; on state formation and colonial expansion; on political institutions and ideology; on economic development and finance; and on the comparative economic histories of Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. My most recent research has been on the politics of religious sound in Indonesia, on Southeast Asian regional identity, and on cultures of the human body in Southeast and Northeast Asia.
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Fields of interest
A geographer and an Indonesianist by training, I have a broad range of research interests spanning the politics, history, geography and sociology of Southeast Asia, particularly Indonesia. Within Indonesia I have a special interest the island of Sulawesi. I have published on the subjects of nationalism, regionalism, and ethnicity; on environmental, demographic and agricultural history; on sustainability and natural resource management; on state formation and colonial expansion; on political institutions and ideology; on economic development and finance; and on the comparative economic histories of Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. My most recent research has been on the politics of religious sound in Indonesia, on Southeast Asian regional identity, and on cultures of the human body in Southeast and Northeast Asia.
Teaching and administration
I teach in several different Leiden University programmes at BA and MA level, and am currently director of the BA South and Southeast Asian Studies programme. I have supervised more than 50 BA and MA dissertations, together with the following completed PhD projects:
Frans Stoelinga: Albert Winsemius: de Nederlander achter de BV Singapore. Leiden University, defended 19 November 2020. Jointly supervised with Roel van der Veen.
Wijayanto: Between fear and power: Kompas, Indonesia's most influential daily newspaper, 1965-2015. Leiden University, defended 17 January 2019. Supervisor: David Henley; co-supervisor: Ward Berenschot.
Ariel C. Lopez: Conversion and colonialism: Islam and Christianity in North Sulawesi, c.1700-1900. Leiden University, defended 18 September 2018 and awarded cum laude. Jointly supervised with Jos Gommans.
Un Leang: A comparative study of education and development in Cambodia and Uganda from their civil wars to the present. University of Amsterdam, defended 19 April 2012. Co-supervised with Henk Schulte Nordholt.
Ahmad Helmy Fuady: Elites and Economic Policies in Indonesia and Nigeria, 1966-1998. University of Amsterdam, defended 19 April 2012. Co-supervised with Peter Boomgaard.
I am a member of the Scientific Committee (Wetenschapscommissie) of the Royal Netherlands Institute for Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies (KITLV), and a member of the Advisory Committee of the Van Vollenhoven Institute for Law, Governance and Society.
Background
A graduate of Cambridge University (BA 1985) and the Australian National University (PhD 1992), I have previously worked as lecturer at Griffith University in Brisbane, as researcher at the Royal Netherlands Institute for Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies (KITLV) in Leiden, and as research fellow at the Asia Research Institute of the National University of Singapore. From 2006 to 2012 I was Southeast Asia coordinator for Tracking Development, an international, multidisciplinary research project, funded by the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, comparing development policy and performance in Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. An official video of the final Tracking Development plenary conference in 2011 can be viewed here.
Selected public media outreach
Public forum discussion on 'Building Sustainable Peace in Papua: Critical Recollection and Future Agenda' (Papua Strategic Policy Forum #8, Gugus Tugas Papua, Universitas Gadjah Mada), 28 November 2020, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RyfCUs6amX4
David Henley and Giulia Frigo, 'Lessons from Brasilia: on the empty modernity of Indonesia's new capital'. New Mandala, 14 April 2020 https://www.newmandala.org/lessons-from-brasilia-on-the-empty-modernity-of-indonesias-new-capital/
'De democratie van Indonesië is sterker dan we denken', Volkskrant, 17 April 2019 https://www.volkskrant.nl/columns-opinie/de-democratie-van-indonesie-is-sterker-dan-we-denken~bc57db04/ and in paper edition of 18 April 2019, p. 23.
'What can Africa learn from SE Asia?' (interview), African Business special issue for the African Green Revolution Forum, Kigali, 5-8 September 2018, pp. 12-14. Scholarlypublications Universiteit Leiden.
Major publications
Professor of Contemporary Indonesia Studies
- Faculty of Humanities
- Leiden Institute for Area Studies
- SAS Indonesie
- Henley D.E.F. & Wickramasinghe N.K (2023), Monsoon Asia: a reader on South and Southeast Asia. Critical, Connected Histories no. 4. Leiden: Leiden University Press.
- Henley D.E.F. & Wickramasinghe N.K. (Eds.) (2023), Monsoon Asia: a reader on South and Southeast Asia. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
- Henley D.E.F. (2023), Introduction: seasons and civilizations. In: Henley D. & Wickramasinghe N. (Eds.), Monsoon Asia: a reader on South and Southeast Asia. Leiden: Leiden University Press. 9-62.
- Henley D.E.F. & Porath N. (2021), Body modification in East Asia: An Introduction, Asian Studies Review 45(2): 189-197.
- Henley D.E.F. & Porath N. (2021), Body modification in East Asia: History and Debates, Asian Studies Review 45(2): 198-216.
- Henley D.E.F. (2020), Southeast Asian studies and the reality of Southeast Asia, Suvannabhumi: Multi-Disciplinary Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 12(2): 19-52.
- Henley D.E.F. & Caldwell I. (2019), Precolonial citizenship in South Sulawesi, Citizenship Studies 23(3): 240-255.
- Henley D.E.F. (2019), Sound wars: piety, civility, and the battle for Indonesian ears. In: Porath N. (Ed.), Hearing Southeast Asia: sounds of hierarchy and power in context. NIAS Studies in Asian Topics no. 69. Copenhagen: NIAS Press. 228-253.
- Henley D.E.F. (17 April 2019), De democratie van Indonesië is sterker dan we denken. De Volkskrant.
- Henley D.E.F. (18 April 2019), Democratie Indonesië is sterker dan we denken. De Volkskrant: 23.
- Henley D.E.F. (2018), Foreign investment and the Middle Income Trap in Southeast Asia, Lembaran Sejarah 14(1): 28-47.
- Henley D.E.F. (2018), What can Africa learn from SE Asia?, African Business (AGRF Special Agribusiness Special Report): 12-14.
- Henley D.E.F. (2017), Hybridity and Indigeneity in Malaya, 1900-70. In: Laffan M. (Ed.), Belonging across the Bay of Bengal: religious rites, colonial migrations, national rights. London: Bloomsbury Academic. 181-192.
- Henley D.E.F. (2017), In memoriam Peter Boomgaard, Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 173(2-3): 173-179.
- Henley D.E.F. & Tuerah N. (2016), Krisis-krisis abad ke-20 dan akibatnya di Sulawesi Utara. In: Boomgaard P. & White B. (Eds.), Dari krisis ke krisis: masyarakat Indonesia menghadapi resesi ekonomi selama abad 20. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press. 169-198.
- Henley D.E.F. (2016), Indonesia. In: Stone J., Dennis R.M., Rizova P.S., Smith A.D. & Hou X. (Eds.), The Wiley Blackwell encyclopedia of race, ethnicity and nationalism. Chichester: John Wiley.
- Booth D., Dietz T., Golooba-Mutebi F., Fuady A.H., Henley D.E.F. & Kelsall T. (2015), Developmental regimes in Africa: synthesis report. London: Overseas Development Institute.
- Henley D.E.F. (2015), Asia-Africa development divergence: a question of intent. London: Zed Books.
- Henley D.E.F. & Schulte Nordholt H. (Eds.) (2015), Environment, trade and society in Southeast Asia: a longue durée perspective. Leiden: Brill.
- Henley D.E.F. & Schulte Nordholt H. (2015), Introduction: structures, cycles, and scratches on rocks. In: Henley D.E.F. & Schulte Nordholt H. (Eds.), Environment, trade and society in Southeast Asia: a longue durée perspective. Leiden: Brill. 1-14.
- Henley D.E.F. (2015), Ages of commerce in Southeast Asian history. In: Henley D.E.F. & Schulte Nordholt H. (Eds.), Environment, trade and society in Southeast Asia: a longue durée perspective. Leiden: Brill. 120-132.
- Henley D.E.F. (2015), From tribes to transaction costs: how two anthropologists of Southeast Asia anticipated the New Institutional Economics. In: Schrikker A. & Touwen J. (Eds.), Promises and Predicaments: Trade and Entrepreneurship in Colonial and Independent Indonesia in the 19th and 20th Centuries. Singapore: NUS Press. 163-178.
- Henley D.E.F. & Ahmad Helmy Fuady (2014), Sources of developmental ambition in Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa (Developmental Regimes in Africa, Policy Brief 04) (London: Overseas Development Institute). [other].
- Henley D.E.F. & Donge J.K. van (2013), Diverging paths: explanations and implications. In: Berendsen B., Dietz T., Schulte Nordholt H.G.C. & Veen R. van der (Eds.), Asian tigers, African lions: comparing the development performance of Southeast Asia and Africa. African dynamics no. 12. Leiden: Brill. 27-50.
- Henley D.E.F. (2013), The origins of Southeast Asian nations: a question of timing. In: Breuilly J. (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of the history of nationalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 263-286.
- Henley D.E.F. (2013), Review of: Pepinsky T.B. (2009), Economic crises and the breakdown of authoritarian regimes: Indonesia and Malaysia in comparative perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 1269(2/3): 389-390.
- Henley D.E.F. (2013), Sources of developmental ambition in Southeast Asia: political interests and collective assumptions. Developmental Regimes in Africa, Working Paper 02. London: Overseas Development Institute. [working paper].
- Henley D.E.F., Tirtosudarmo R. & Fuady A.H. (2012), Flawed vision: Nigerian development policy in the Indonesian mirror, 1965-1990, Development Policy Review 30(s1): 49-71.
- Henley D.E.F. (2012), Agrarian roots of industrial growth: rural development in Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, Development Policy Review 30(s1): 25-47.
- Henley D.E.F., Van Donge J.K. & Lewis P. (2012), Tracking development in Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa: the primacy of policy, Development Policy Review 30(s1): 5-24.
- Henley D.E.F. & Donge J.-K. van (2012), Policy for development in Africa: learning from Southeast Asia (Developmental Regimes in Africa, Policy Brief 01) (London: Overseas Development Institute). [other].
- Henley D.E.F. (2011), Hygiene, housing and health in colonial Sulawesi. In: Dijk K. van & Taylor J.G. (Eds.), Cleanliness and culture: Indonesian histories. Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde no. 272. Leiden: KITLV Press. 95-116.
- Henley D.E.F. (2011), Forced labour and rising fertility in colonial Indonesia, Asian Population Studies 7(1): 3-13.
- Henley D.E.F. (2011), Swidden farming as an agent of environmental change: ecological myth and historical reality in Indonesia, Environment and History 17(4): 525-554.
- Henley D.E.F. (2011), Swidden farming as an agent of environmental change: ecological myth and historical reality in Indonesia, Environment and History 17(4): 525-554.
- Henley D.E.F. (2010), Microfinance in Indonesia: evolution and revolution, 1900-2000. In: Goenka A. & Henley D.E.F. (Eds.), Southeast Asia's credit revolution: from moneylenders to microfinance. London: Routledge. 173-189.
- Henley D.E.F. & Goenka A. (2010), Introduction: from moneylenders to microfinance in Southeast Asia. In: Goenka A. & Henley D.E.F. (Eds.), Southeast Asia's credit revolution: from moneylenders to microfinance. London: Routledge. 1-17.
- Henley D.E.F., Davidson J.S. & Moniaga S. (Eds.) (2010), Adat dalam politik Indonesia. Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia / KITLV-Jakarta.
- Henley D.E.F. & Goenka A. (Eds.) (2010), Southeast Asia's credit revolution: from moneylenders to microfinance. London: Routledge.
- Henley D.E.F. (2010), Review of: , Garry Rodan, Kevin Hewison and Richard Robison (eds), The political economy of South-East Asia; Markets, power and contestation [third edition]. (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 2006) no. 2/3. Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 166: 362-363.
- Henley D.E.F. (2009), Credit and debt in Indonesian history: an introduction. In: Henley D. & Boomgaard P. (Eds.), Credit and debt in Indonesia, 860-1930: from peonage to pawnshop, from kongsi to cooperative. Singapore: ISEAS. 1-40.
- Henley D.E.F. & Bryceson D. (2009), From agrarian moral economy to plural civil society in Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. In: Kimambo I.N., Hyden G., Maghimbi S. & Sugimura K. (Eds.), Comparative perspectives on moral economy: Africa and Southeast Asia. Tanzania: Dar es Salaam University Press.
- Henley D.E.F. & Boomgaard P. (Eds.) (2009), Credit and debt in Indonesia, 860-1930: from peonage to pawnshop, from kongsi to cooperative. Singapore: ISEAS.
- Henley D.E.F. (2009), Review of: , John H. McGlynn, Oscar Motuloh, Suzanne Charlé, Jeffrey Hadler, Bambang Bujono, Margaret Glade Agusta, and Gedsiri Suhartono, Indonesia in the Soeharto years; Issues, incidents and images (Jakarta: The Lontar Foundation in association with Ridge Books and KITLV Press, 2007). Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 165: 153-155.
- Henley D.E.F. & Caldwell I. (Eds.) (2008), 'Stranger-Kings in Indonesia and Beyond', theme issue of Indonesia and the Malay World (36/105). London: Routledge.
- Henley D.E.F. & Caldwell I. (2008), Introduction; The stranger who would be king: magic, logic, polemic, Indonesia and the Malay World 36(105): 163-175.
- Henley D.E.F. (2008), Natural resource management: historical lessons from Indonesia, Human Ecology 36(2): 273-290.
- Henley D.E.F. & Davidson J.S. (2008), In the name of adat: regional perspectives on reform, tradition, and democracy in Indonesia, Modern Asian Studies 42(4): 815-852.
- Henley D.E.F. & Caldwell I. (2008), Kings and covenants: stranger-kings and social contract in Sulawesi, Indonesia and the Malay World 36(105): 269-291.
- Henley D.E.F. & Davidson J.S. (2007), Introduction: radical conservatism - the protean politics of adat. In: Davidson J.S. & Henley D.E.F. (Eds.), The revival of tradition in Indonesian politics: the deployment of adat from colonialism to indigenism. London: Routledge. 1-49.
- Henley D.E.F., Schouten M.J.C. & Ulaen A.J. (2007), Preserving the peace in post-New Order Minahasa. In: Klinken G. van & Nordholt H.S. (Eds.), Renegotiating boundaries: local politics in post-Soeharto Indonesia. Leiden: KITLV Press. 307-326.
- Henley D.E.F. (2007), Custom and koperasi: the cooperative ideal in Indonesia. In: Davidson J.S. & Henley D.E.F. (Eds.), The revival of tradition in Indonesian politics: the deployment of adat from colonialism to indigenism. London: Routledge. 87-112.
- Henley D.E.F. (2007), Natural resource management and mismanagement: observations from Southeast Asian agricultural history. In: Bankoff G. & Boomgaard P. (Eds.), A history of natural resources in Asia: the wealth of nature. Houndmills, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. 19-37.
- Henley D.E.F., Schouten M.J.C. & Ulaen A.J. (2007), Memelihara perdamaian di Minahasa pasca-Orde Baru. In: Nordholt H.S. & Klinken G. van (Eds.), Politik lokal di Indonesia. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia / KITLV-Jakarta. 406-431.
- Henley D.E.F. & Davidson J.S. (Eds.) (2007), The revival of tradition in Indonesian politics: the deployment of adat from colonialism to indigenism. London: Routledge.
- Henley D.E.F. (2007), Review of: , Richard Stubbs, Rethinking Asia's economic miracle; The political economy of war, prosperity and crisis (Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005). Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 163: 578-581.
- Henley D.E.F. (2007) "The folly our descendants are least likely to forgive us": the end of nature in Southeast Asia?. Review of: . Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 163: 440-453.
- Henley D.E.F. & Bryceson D. (2007), Uiteenlopende wegen naar welvaart en naar armoede: Zuidoost-Azië en Sub-Sahara Afrika in vergelijkend perspectief, Internationale Spectator 61(7/8): 377-380.
- Henley D.E.F. (2007), The fate of federalism: North Sulawesi from Persatuan Minahasa to Permesta, Moussons: Social Science Research on Southeast Asia 11: 89-105.
- Henley D.E.F., Asnan G., Pasande D., Raben R. & Velthoen E. (2006), Nation, region and the ambiguities of modernity in Indonesia in the 1950s. In: Nordholt H.S. & Hoogenboom I. (Eds.), Indonesian transitions. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. 115-162.
- Henley D.E.F. (2006), Review of: , Maribeth Erb, Priyambudi Sulistiyanto and Carole Faucher (eds), Regionalism in post-Suharto Indonesia (London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2005). Education Inquiry 42: 410-411.
- Henley D.E.F. (2006), Review of: , Hanneman Samuel and Henk Schulte Nordholt (eds), Indonesia in transition; Rethinking 'civil society', 'region', and 'crisis' (Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2004). Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 162: 149-151.
- Henley D.E.F. (2006), From low to high fertility in Sulawesi (Indonesia) during the colonial period: explaining the "first fertility transition", Population Studies 60(3): 309-327.
- Henley D.E.F. (2005), Fertility, food and fever: population, economy and environment in North and Central Sulawesi, 1600-1930. Leiden: KITLV Press.
- Boomgaard P., Henley D.EF. & Osseweijer M. (Eds.) (2005), Muddied waters: historical and contemporary perspectives on management of forests and fisheries in island Southeast Asia. Leiden: KITLV Press.
- Henley D.E.F. (2005), Agrarian change and diversity in the light of Brookfield, Boserup, and Malthus: historical illustrations from Sulawesi, Indonesia, Asia Pacific Viewpoint 46(2): 153-172.
- Henley D.E.F. (2005), Population and the means of subsistence: explaining the historical demography of island Southeast Asia, with particular reference to Sulawesi, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 36(3): 337-372.
- Henley D.E.F. (2005), De zelfkant van de rede. In: Hüsken F. & Jonge H. de (Eds.), Schemerzones en schaduwzijden: opstellen over ambiguïteit in samenlevingen. Nijmegen: Roelants. 86-91.
- Henley D.E.F. (2005), Of sago and kings: sustainability, hierarchy and collective action in precolonial Sulawesi. In: Boomgaard P., Henley D. & Osseweijer M. (Eds.), Muddied waters: historical and contemporary perspectives on management of forests and fisheries in island Southeast Asia. Leiden: KITLV Press. 235-257.
- Henley D.E.F. & Osseweijer M. (2005), Forests and fisheries in island Southeast Asia: histories of natural resource management and mismanagement. In: Boomgaard P., Henley D.E.F. & Osseweijer M. (Eds.), Muddied waters. Leiden: KITLV Press. 1-41.
- Boomgaard P. & Henley D.E.F. (Eds.) (2004), Smallholders and stockbreeders: histories of foodcrop and livestock farming in Southeast Asia. Leiden: KITLV Press.
- Henley D.E.F. (2004), Conflict, justice, and the stranger-king: indigenous roots of colonial rule in Indonesia and elsewhere, Modern Asian Studies 38(1): 85-144.
- Henley D.E.F. (2004), Rizification revisited: re-examining the rise of rice in Indonesia, with special reference to Sulawesi. In: Boomgaard P. & Henley D.E.F. (Eds.), Smallholders and stockbreeders: histories of foodcrop and livestock farming in Southeast Asia. Leiden: KITLV Press. 107-138.
- Boomgaard P. & Henley D.E.F. (2004), Agricultural and livestock histories of Southeast Asia: approaches and perspectives. In: Boomgaard P. & Henley D.E.F. (Eds.), Smallholders and stockbreeders: histories of foodcrop and livestock farming in Southeast Asia. Leiden: KITLV Press. 1-16.
- Henley D.E.F. (2002), Jealousy and justice: the indigenous roots of colonial rule in northern Sulawesi. Amsterdam: Free University Press.
- Henley D.E.F. (2002), Population, economy and environment in island Southeast Asia: an historical view with special reference to northern Sulawesi, Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 23(2): 167-206.
- Henley D.E.F. (2002), Population and environment in South-East Asia - a historical view with particular reference to Sulawesi (Indonesia). In: Vries B. de & Goudsblom J. (Eds.), Mappae mundi: humans and their habitats in a long-term socio-ecological perspective: myths, maps and models. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. 336-344.
- Henley D.E.F. (2001), Malaria past and present: the case of North Sulawesi, Indonesia , Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 32(3): 595-607.
- Henley D.E.F. (2000), Ethnogeographic integration and exclusion in anticolonial nationalism: Indonesia and Indochina. In: Hutchinson J. & Smith A.D. (Eds.), Nationalism: critical concepts in political science, Volume 3. London: Routledge. 1041-1082.
- Boomgaard P., Colombijn F. & Henley D.E.F. (Eds.) (1997), Paper landscapes: explorations in the environmental history of Indonesia. Leiden: KITLV Press.
- Henley D.E.F. (1997), Carrying capacity, climatic variation, and the problem of low population growth among Indonesian swidden farmers: evidence from North Sulawesi. In: Boomgaard P., Colombijn F. & Henley D.E.F. (Eds.), Paper landscapes: explorations in the environmental history of Indonesia 89-118.
- Henley D.E.F. (1997), Goudkoorts: mijnbouw, gezondheid en milieu op Sulawesi (1670-1995), Spiegel Historiael: Maandblad voor geschiedenis en archeologie 32: 424-430.
- Henley D.E.F. (1996), Nationalism and regionalism in a colonial context: Minahasa in the Dutch East Indies. Leiden: KITLV.
- Henley D.E.F. (1995), Ethnogeographic integration and exclusion in anticolonial nationalism: Indonesia and Indochina, Comparative Studies in Society and History 37(2): 286-324.
- Henley D.E.F. (1995), Regional nationalism in a colonial state: a case study from the Dutch East Indies, Political Geography 14(1): 31-58.
- Henley D.E.F. (1995), Minahasa mapped: illustrated notes on cartography and history in Minahasa, 1512-1942. In: Schefold R. (Ed.), Minahasa past and present: tradition and transition in an outer island region of Indonesia. Leiden: Research School CNWS.. 32-57.
- Henley D.E.F. & Watuseke F.S. (1994), C.C. Predigers verhandeling over het plaatselijke bestuur en de huishouding van de Minahasa in 1804, Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 150(2): 357-385.
- Henley D.E.F. (1993), Nationalism and regionalism in colonial Indonesia: the case of Minahasa, Indonesia 55: 91-112.
- Henley D.EF. (1993), A superabundance of centers: Ternate and the contest for North Sulawesi, Cakalele Maluku Research Journal 4: 39-60.