The supply, distribution and use of energy is connected to large flows of materials, both in the form of the energy carriers themselves and in the form of materials that are needed for processing and infrastructure. At the moment the supply of energy to society is dominated by conventional fossil fuels. The increasing demand for energy combined with a stable or decreasing supply of conventional fossil fuels will force society to tap into new energy sources and pathways. The introduction of new energy pathways will lead to changes in material flows. Both the material inputs and the emissions can constrain large scale application of new energy pathways. The goal of this study is to compare these new energy pathways on selected material inputs and emissions.

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