How Dutch Brazil was lost
The Amsterdam media played a major role in the rise and fall of Dutch Brazil, the colony held briefly by the Dutch West India Company in the 17th century. This is the conclusion reached by Professor of Maritime History Michiel van Groesen in his book ‘Amsterdam’s Atlantic’.
Colony was front-page news
Few Dutch people know that from 1630 to 1654 Brazil was a Dutch colony even though in the Golden Age events in Brazil were for years front-page news for the period's many newspapers and pamphlets. This is the conclusion reached by Van Groesen based on his research on how contemporary media reported on the colony.
Europe's media capital
Amsterdam at that time was Europe's media capital because of the city's relatively high level of press freedom. Newspapers were published weekly and there were also many pamphlets in circulation in the city. The Amsterdam media had significant influence on public opinion not only in the Netherlands but also in the rest of Europe where Dutch reports were translated into local languages.
At that time it took seven to nine weeks before a ship brought news from Brazil to the Republic.
Media initially enthusiastic
Initially, the papers wrote enthusiastically about the conflict in the New World. In the seventeenth century the Dutch Republic was at war with Spain, and in 1624 decided to launch a second front in Brazil, a Portuguese colony under Spanish rule. There were positive reports in the media about the many opportunities in the region: for the trade in sugar, for example, and as a means of expanding geopolitical influence.
Lost battles and corruption
Opinion makers were under the influence of Amsterdam regents and merchants, who were originally positive, Van Groesen comments. But the newspapers quickly turned their attention to issues that the elite preferred to keep under wraps: battles lost and corruption in the colony being two such issues. Surprisingly enough, the slave trade was paid little attention by the media. The West India Company used African slaves for work in the colony.
Public opinion reversed
Brazil never came completely under Dutch control, which meant that money and troops had to be sent repeatedly to the colony. The media began to include critical reports of Amsterdam regents who were sceptical about the situation, unlike the regents in Zeeland who were more favourably disposed towards Brazil. Under the influence of the media, public opinion turned slowly but surely against the money-guzzling colony.
WIC criticised
The propaganda bulletins from the WIC were ineffective in turning the tide of public opinion. Van Groesen also examined the correspondence of politicians and merchants of the period. Amsterdam merchants, too, began to oppose the monopoly enjoyed by the WIC, and consequently withdrew their support.
‘Brazil was neglected’
When in 1645 the Portuguese were threatening to drive the Dutch out of Brazil, the Amsterdam regents blocked a proposal to send a fleet to the region. In 1654 the Portuguese managed to expel the Dutch completely and returned the colony to Portuguese rule. This loss was felt for a long time as a 'national disgrace', according to Van Groesen. Those who had wanted to retain Brazil talked about a 'Neglected Brazil'. 'People no longer wanted to talk about this scandal, which explains why so few Dutch people today know that Brazil was ever a Dutch colony.'
(LvP)
Amsterdam's Atlantic: Print Culture and the Making of Dutch Brazil
Penn Press 272 blz. Hardcover | ISBN 978-0-8122-4866-1 | € 41,50 
Ebook | ISBN 978-0-8122-9345-6